How to trade high probability stock gaps pdf

We use cookies to improve your experience with our site. Accept and close More info. Publications A-Z index Browse by subject. Recent hydrological modelling 1 and Earth observations 23 have located and quantified alarming rates of groundwater depletion worldwide.

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This depletion is primarily due to water withdrawals for irrigation 124but its connection with the main driver of irrigation, global food consumption, has not yet been explored.

Here we show that approximately eleven per cent of non-renewable groundwater use for irrigation is embedded in international food trade, of which two-thirds are exported by Pakistan, the USA and India alone.

Some countries, such as the USA, Mexico, Iran and China, are particularly exposed to these risks because they both produce and import food irrigated from rapidly depleting aquifers. Our results could help to improve the sustainability of global food production and groundwater resource management by identifying priority regions and agricultural products at risk as well as the end consumers of these products.

The pie charts show fractions of groundwater depletion for irrigation GWD of major crops by country, and their sizes indicate total GWD volume. The background map shows groundwater stress index corresponding to overexploitation when larger than one of major aquifers Some countries have overexploited aquifers but no pie chart is shown because groundwater use is not primarily related to irrigation.

The top ten importers of GWD are shown in bold font and the top ten exporters of GWD are underlined. Volumes are in units of cubic kilometres per year. The top ten importers are shown in bold font and the top ten exporters are underlined. Ribbon colours indicate the country of export. Volumes are given in units of cubic kilometres per year. GWD is given in units of cubic metres per capita of the exporting nation per year.

The top ten exporters are underlined. GWD is given in units of cubic metres per capita of the importing nation per year. The top ten importers are shown in bold font. The exceedance probability p distribution of national GWD exports s out ab and imports s in bc using import—export ie and export—import ei trade data is shown for years bd and ac.

Log in now or Register for online access. Reviewer Information Nature thanks M. Vanham and the other anonymous reviewer s for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This table shows shows the GWD intensities for crops belonging to 26 major crop classes, by country for years and A large variability in GWD intensities across countries and crop classes may be found.

Some of these crops are used for both direct human consumption and as feed for livestock. GWD associated with feed crops is accounted for via trade of animal products. Trade volumes of the excluded fodder crops and grasses are negligible relative to other crops included in our trade analysis. The groundwater depletion exported imported and used by ten countries with most depletion exports importsand the top partner importing from exporting to them in and are indicated using the groundwater depletion in national food production GWP and exports or imports GWT.

International trade is increasingly transporting 'hidden' resources and environmental factors from one country to another. For example, the water used to produce a spear of asparagus eaten in London might come from irrigation in South America. Similarly, pollution generated in China might be traceable to consumer brokers exchange house in karachi stock in the United States.

Carole Dalin et al. They find that 11 per cent of groundwater extraction is linked to agricultural trade, with Pakistan, the Speculations in stock market States and India accounting for two-thirds of the global totals. The research reveals the degree to which food consumption in one country can lead to groundwater depletion in others, highlighting the need to better consider issues of sustainability and equity in the international food trade.

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British Library Document Supply Centre You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources. Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India.

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Nature— CAS ISI PubMed Article Famiglietti, J. The global groundwater crisis. Groundwater depletion and sustainability of irrigation in the US High Plains and Central Valley. USA— PubMed Article Wada, How to trade high probability stock gaps pdf. Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: Land subsidence and cracking due to ground-water depletion. Ground Water 15— Article Konikow, L.

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Water saving through international trade of agricultural products. An estimation of global virtual water flow and sources of water withdrawal for major crops and livestock products using a global hydrological model. Evolution of the global virtual water trade network. USA— PubMed Article Konar, M. Temporal dynamics of blue and green virtual water trade networks.

Virtual groundwater transfers from overexploited aquifers in the United States. USA— CAS PubMed Article Mekonnen, M.

Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint. Nature— CAS ISI PubMed Article Kastner, T. Tracing distant environmental impacts of agricultural products from a consumer perspective. Water resources transfers through Chinese interprovincial and foreign food trade.

USA— CAS PubMed Article Jalava, M. Diet change a solution to reduce water use? Lost water and nitrogen resources due to EU consumer food waste. Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change. USA— CAS PubMed Article Wada, Y. Wedge approach to water stress. Incorporating the water footprint and virtual water into policy: Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation. Mirca global monthly irrigated how to trade high probability stock gaps pdf rainfed crop areas around the year Cycles 24GB CAS Article Wada, Y.

Past and future contribution of global groundwater depletion to sea-level rise. Development of Functional Types of Irrigation for Improved Global Crop Modelling. Report Institute for Climate Impact Research, Wada, Y. Modelling global water stress of the recent past: Technical Conversion Factors for Agricultural Commodities.

Rapid growth in agricultural trade: Water resources transfers through Southern African food trade: Puma Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, CS Utrecht, The Netherlands Yoshihide Wada Institute of Social Ecology, Vienna, Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, Austria Thomas Kastner Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-FSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Thomas Kastner Center for Climate and Life, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, New YorkUSA Michael J.

Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: Author details Carole Dalin Contact Carole Dalin Search for this author in: Search for this author in: Embedded groundwater depletion in international trade of crop commodities in Extended Data Figure 2: Embedded groundwater depletion in crop exports per capita in Extended Data Figure 3: Embedded groundwater depletion in crop imports per capita in Extended Data Figure 4: Comparison of GWD trade flows under two trade data versions.

Extended Data Tables Extended Data Table 1: Crops in the GWD data from MIRCA crop classes that are excluded from the trade analysis KB Extended Data Table 3: Largest GWD imports and exports and variability across two trade data versions KB Extended Data Table 4: Ten largest exporters of GWD per capita of exporting nation in KB Extended Data Table 5: Ten largest importers of GWD per capita of importing nation in KB Extended Data Table 6: Share of population dependent on GWD via food imports KB.

Supplementary Table 1 KB This table contains the extraction rates for food commodities. Extended Data Figure 1: Hover over figure to zoom. Extended Data Table 1: Extended Data Table 2: Crops in the GWD data from MIRCA crop classes that are excluded from the trade analysis. Extended Data Table 3: Largest GWD imports and exports and variability across two trade data versions. Extended Data Table 4: Ten largest exporters of GWD per capita of exporting nation in Exported GWD is in cubic metres per capita.

Extended Data Table 5: Ten largest importers of GWD per capita of importing nation in Imported GWD is in cubic metres per capita. Extended Data Table 6: Share of population dependent on GWD via food imports. Eating ourselves dry by Aldaya Letter Transboundary health impacts of transported global air pollution and international trade by Zhang et al.

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